Monday, August 24, 2020

Communist Manifesto, Time and Social Issues

E-offering execution best practice Section 1: Introduction 1.0 Research title E-Tendering Implementation: Best practice 1.1 Abstract E-Tendering is a web offering administration offered on a compensation for each delicate premise where permits customers and their advisors to run tenders through a safe site. Be that as it may, not all the nations included are completely executed e-Tendering. They are just executing e-Tendering at specific stages. This exploration is completed to consider the best practice in the execution of e-Tendering around the world. The foreseen discoveries are every nation included are not completely actualized e-Tendering on account of specific issues and imperative. The benchmark was creating for the best act of e-offering. This exploration will describe for government and development industry itself where it remains as far as e-Tendering usage contrasted with its friend nations. Presentation Development industry everywhere throughout the world have shown the need to improve the administration conveyance and having the option to deal with issues quickly and agreeably. The coming of Internet Technology has made it workable for power of development industry to change themselves by offering conventional administrations particularly offering process through on the web. Offering is viewed as perhaps the most attractive mean of granting government contracts and the strategy well on the way to make sure about an ideal result for an administration in its going through of open cash. The fundamental standards of the offering procedure have been applied to numerous business territories, for example, buying merchandise looking for specialist organizations, business counseling, or the determination of principle contractual workers for development work. With the extend and spread of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in world and this nation, legislature of Malaysia under Public Works Department (JKR) team up with Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) to actualize the National E-Tendering Initiatives (NeTI) program. E-offering system will give all offering procedure through on the web. At this stage, JKR and CIDB actualize e-offering for government development venture as it were. As indicated by Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, e-Tendering is a Web offering administration offered on a compensation for each delicate premise. E-Tendering permits customers and their experts (purchasers) to run tenders through a protected site. It offers a basic, secure, norm, productive and savvy approach to oversee tenders on the web. It gives a significant chance to supplant existing paper based methods and accomplish noteworthy cost investment funds, while creating an increasingly proficient and dependable procedure. Utilization of the framework is charged on a for every delicate premise to purchasers, there are no membership expenses. Utilization of the framework is allowed to temporary workers (providers). This explanation bring to administration of Malaysia and nations over the world to utilize and execute e-offering, which offer a basic, secure, norm, proficient and financially savvy and furthermore can evade debasement. That implies contractual workers everywhere throughout the nation can enlist and get delicate through on the web and don't need to utilize the conventional delicate procedure which is paper-based, all the more expensive and some of the time predisposition delicate granted. Issue articulation The greater part of the created and create nations have their own channels to distribute the notice of tenders through the Internet, which are shown in their official sites. Be that as it may, usage of electronic offering isn't finished in the truth world due to specific hindrances and issues. In Malaysia, the offering procedure is as yet dependent on manual exercises despite the fact that they have National E-Tendering Initiatives (NeTI) program, which site program that direct delicate procedure through web. In the present circumstance, legislature of Malaysia just promotes their delicate through on the web. When looking whole the world, same circumstance of e-offering execution occurs. Numerous nations like India and Singapore lead and compose delicate procedure through online in the midway. Various nations have their distinctive nature of innovation and development industry. In UK, e-offering is now executed in the most effective way. Player of development industry in UK, particularly temporary worker, they have enough innovation and hardware to receive e-offering. Presently the inquiry is what is the best practice to embrace e-offering in present time? Benchmarking best practice need to create to give some rule to the create nations what is the most ideal approach to execute e-offering. Scientist perceive that a large portion of individuals are will in general do benchmarking in IT and flexibly the executives yet absence of study in benchmarking the best act of e-Tendering. So the hole of information must be filled and investigate to create the new discoveries that may be offer advantages to individuals and development industry itself. For above explanation, this exploration has investigated the best act of e-Tendering usage in barely any nations. This examination has recognized e-Tendering procedures included and contrasts it and every nation chose. Before the finish of this exploration, the best act of e-Tendering execution is suggested for the benchmark. Points This examination is completed to contemplate the best practice in the usage of e-Tendering around the world. Targets To distinguish the nations on the planet who have executed e-Tendering To examine think about the best act of e-Tendering usage as recognized previously. To suggest the best act of e-Tendering execution. Research questions What nations that previously actualized e-Tendering in their development industry? What are the procedures of e-Tendering? Is it true that they are completely actualized e-Tendering in their development industry? What is the best act of e-Tendering for their development industry at present? Research approach Writing audit So as to give great foundation data of the investigation region, writing survey is significant. Written works perusing were done to gather all data and concentrated to show signs of improvement understanding about e-Tendering execution in Malaysia and others nations around the world. All the sources are gathered from web, diaries, books, past ace theory and exposition identified with this subject. Work area study All the sources are investigate and make understanding. From writing study, information were gathered and recognize what are the necessities in this exploration. Quantitative translation is the primary technique to do this examination which dependent on information and progressively pertinent with the present issues. Centrality of research This examination is about best act of e-Tendering execution overall was accomplished for the accompanying significant reasons: The Malaysia government has to know where it remains regarding e-Tendering execution contrasted with its friend nations to check its present advancement of achievement accomplishment. Malaysia development industry has to know with their present status e-Tendering execution contrast with others nations. Benchmark for e-offering is imperative to perceive the best act of e-offering execution around the world. To talk about the present status e-Tendering around the world. Outline of substance Section 1: Introduction Part 2: A review on customary offering Part 3: New form of offering framework Electronic Tendering Part 4: Methodology Part 5: Case study conversation Part 6: Recommendation end

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Psychologists and Jury Selection Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Therapists and Jury Selection - Term Paper Example The specialist expresses that on the off chance that, for example, Bruno Hauptmann, there could be solid open state of mind against the blamed which could impact the jury to convict the guiltless. Here, the jurists’ character attributes and characteristics may assume a significant job. In a media power society, it is especially evident as it frequently compensation mental wars to assemble popular supposition over what it considers as truth. The preliminary of O. J. Simpson was described by ‘continued media intrigue and open interest with his activities and explanations. The conviction that â€Å"he pulled off murder† even prompted proposition to change and confine the jury system’. The sureness important to rebuff nay blamed could be amassed by the legal advisers dependent on their preferences and perspective. Above all, as per Greene et.al, ‘truth is slippery, and in the lawful framework, all reality searchers are dependent upon human mistake, despit e the fact that the framework appears to expect that they approach faultlessness. The inability to accomplish flawlessness in our dynamic will get clear as the means in the preliminary procedure are reviewed’. Jury assessments are legitimately a result of jurists’ sentiments, mentalities and convictions. Lawyers have two choices for choosing new juries. Most importantly, a board of forthcoming members of the jury should be distinguished which is known as venire. Besides, ‘a process known as voir desperate is utilized to address and select the inevitable jurors’. It includes each legal scholar enlightening truth regarding himself/herself. This procedure normally includes end as the legal advisers who hold inclinations over a specific case are excused from the preliminary. Just the ones who hold a free brain and liberated from constraints are chosen. There is a contrast between judges’ choices and Juries’ choices. It has been discovered that â €Å"citizens accept a jury choice offers progressively procedural decency (more prominent exhaustiveness, better portrayal of the network, less close to home inclinations influencing choices) than a choice by a judge†. Jury slants are the significant reason for the errors in the legal decisions. In their acclaimed overview, ‘Kalven and Zeisel, in the wake of looking into the large number of inconsistencies, utilized this term to cover all preliminaries wherein, in the judge’s see, the jury’s decision was negatively controlled by factors past the proof and the law’. Particularly in harmless wrongdoings, there could a more grounded inclination for opinions towards the offender. Now and again, if the case gets progressively social significance through media mediation, the quantity of legal scholars might be moderately high. It is troublesome even to keep the jury choice technique similarly as it would include oppression minority religions, races, natio nalities and other cognizable gatherings.

Wednesday, July 22, 2020

CCC Essay Topics That Can Help Students Learn

CCC Essay Topics That Can Help Students LearnThere are plenty of syllabus topics for CCC English essays, and these can vary depending on the needs of your students. Students who plan to study abroad in a foreign country may find that you have different topics that pertain to their location.Many students use their program to help them with their subject matter. An example is if you are planning to take a CCC English essay for a class in Economics, you will find that many students choose topics that relate to the subject matter. You may choose topics like: Introduction to US dollar, basics of mathematics, and advanced algebra.Aside from the topic, you can also find CCC essay topics based on your student's individual interests. For example, some students may be interested in historical figures, while others may be more interested in political issues. If you are interested in the American civil war, you can find lots of topic ideas by choosing topics related to the Civil War.Depending on the type of CCC English essay that you need, you can find a wide variety of topics for your essay. Some topics can be more advanced, while others are more focused on the topic itself. The types of topics available are as follows:Topics that fall into the general and basic subjects can be found by selecting topics that pertain to a wide range of topics. Most students may find a wide range of topics when they select topics that pertain to a wide range of subjects. You can find topics such as: American history, US history, Middle East, American government, evolution, etc.Students who are doing their homework on computers may find CCC essay topics to be more effective for them. Computers are a great tool to use to help students write essays and other assignments. Computers allow students to use software programs that track their progress and tasks. Software programs that track homework helps students to avoid having to hand in copies of the work, and helps students to save time.You can use this type of computer software programs to help students track their own essay topics. These are great tools that you can use to help students prepare their essays and even to help students write their essays quicker. Students can easily enter in their subject area and then choose topics that pertain to it.CCC essay topics are great ways to find the right topics for your students. Most topics can help students learn about different subjects, improve their English writing skills, and get practice writing essays. You can use this as a great way to boost your students' grades and provide them with more skills to use throughout their studies.

Friday, May 22, 2020

Organizational Development Essay - 4763 Words

1. | Question : | Define Organizational Development (OD) according to An Experiential Approach to Organizational Development: | | | Student Answer: | | Comprises the long range efforts and programs aimed at improving an organizations ability to survive by changing its problem solving and renewal processes. | | Instructor Explanation: | Organizational development is a long-range effort and programs aimed at improving an organization’s ability to survive by changing its problems solving and renewal processes. | | | | Points Received: | 2 of 2 | | Comments: | You did a nice job with this question. | | | 2. | Question : | Which of the following is included as one of the important ideas in the texts†¦show more content†¦A hyperturlent environement. An increasing and changing set of competitors. Rapidly changing product lines. | | Instructor Explanation: | Management must initiate and create a climate that encourages creativity and innovation. | | | | Points Received: | 2 of 2 | | Comments: | You did a nice job with this question. | | | 1. | Question : | The three power tools to change a corporate culture are information, money, and resources. | | | Student Answer: | | True | | | | False (information, support and resources) | | | | Points Received: | 1 of 1 | | Comments: | | | | 2. | Question : | What is corporate culture? | | | Student Answer: | | Interdependent set of beliefs, values, ways of behaving and tools for living that are common in a community that they tend to perpetuate themselves, sometimes over long periods of time. | | Instructor Explanation: | Corporate culture is a system of shared values and beliefs that interact with an organization’s people, structure, and systems to produce behavioral norms (the way things are done around here). It affects the behaviors of individuals by setting an interdependent set of beliefs, values, ways of behaving, and tools for living that are so common in a community that they tend to perpetuate themselves, sometimes over long periods of time. This continuity is the product of aShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture and the Development of Organizational Culture3429 Words   |  14 PagesORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE 1. INTRODUCTION One of the significant elements while discussing about organization development is to discuss its own existing culture as the culture itself is part of organization behavior that gives significant role in shaping organizational sustainability. Above all there is a need to recognize the right culture for any organization to achieve excellence. Peters and Waterman (1982) clearly described organizationalRead MoreOrganizational Development3675 Words   |  15 PagesCASE STUDY MODULE 17 ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PQHRM/53-025 H E B MARASINGHE Contents Acknowledgement 3 Introduction to the case study 4 Literature Review 5 What is OD intervention ? 5 Factors That Impact the Success of OD Interventions can be listed under two main headings, 5 Intervention Categories 7 The process of Organizational Development 9 Change management 11 Report to be given to CEO of Nuran food products 12 Implementing an effective and successful OD process 12Read MoreThe Field of Organizational Development551 Words   |  2 PagesThe field of Organization Development (OD) has developed immensely the past 10 or 15 years. Not only OD practitioners are faced by the traditional normal day to day developments and changes facing organizations and teams for years, but they are also by the complex addition of factors like technology, globalizations, social barriers, cultural boundaries as well as diverse workgroups and at many times organizations with virtual teams and international branches all over the world. Thus, the OD practitionersRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Leadership Development1275 Words   |  6 Pagesexistent between organizational factors and workplace effectiveness (Kwantes and Boglarsky, 2007). Knowing the importance of leadership in modern-day organizations, it is not shocking that leadership development gets the biggest percentage distribution from training and development resources of most organizations. The part that organizational culture plays in the development of leaders is critical but often ignored. One motive for this is that managers responsible for leadership development efforts areRead MoreOrganizational Development and Change Management979 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Development and Change Management Change is inevitable and has become a way of life. To be able to adapt to the changes is the biggest challenge of organizations to-day, not only to survive but also to ensure its growth and help to remain relevant in the changing times. â€Å"Organization Development is response to change, a complex educational strategy intended to change theRead MoreOrganizational Development Interventions2228 Words   |  9 PagesContent Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......1 Organisational Development programs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Organisational Development Interventions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2-5 Reasons for Intervention†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Implementation of OD intervention†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 What HRD Managers need to do to combat criticism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 OD intervention in General Motors – A case study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7-8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8-9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreStrategic Restructuring and Organizational Developments3635 Words   |  15 PagesStrategic Restructuring and Organizational Developments Introduction This discussion is directed toward company restructuring and repositioning, specifically my personal experiences in a project dependant industry, and the evolution of a business structure and organizational culture of flexibility and adaptability. Many companies operating in a project specific and contract dependant industry are required to align employees with processes and strategies to ensure smooth transition in an oftenRead MoreThe Realm Of Organizational Change And Development Essay1857 Words   |  8 Pages In the realm of organizational change and development there is a standard model that is considered among most organizational development professionals to be the basic format for planned changed known as the General Model of planned Change. Essentially what organizational development professionals are dealing with is almost exclusively centered around planned change. That same type of planned change was present within the Sunflower Incorporated Company which started their planned change initiativeRead MoreThe Field Of Organizational Development1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe field of organizational development (OD) has a rich history of research and practice that is driven by a variety of business needs such as change management, leadership development, internal communications and business process re-engineering. OD has been, and arguably still is, the major approach to organizational change across the Western world, and is globally increasing. However, the ambiguity of the OD discipline is challenged with a posture to curve a standard definition. Richard BeckhardRead MoreThe Development Of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour3154 Words   |  13 PagesKatz (1964) proposed that for an organization to operate successfully, employees must be willing to do more than the minimal performance and specific technical aspects of their job (Rioux Penner, 2001). Out of this comes the development of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB). OCB represents â€Å"individual behaviour that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognised by the formal reward system, and in the aggregate promotes the efficient and effective functioning of the organization†

Thursday, May 7, 2020

organizational behaviour - 1261 Words

Spring 2014 Organizational Behavior MG6013 The exploration of the theories, research and practices that allow a better understanding of human behavior in organizations. Topics include motivation and job satisfaction; decision making; group dynamics; work teams; leadership; communication; power, politics and conflict; organization culture, structure and design; impact of technology; management of work stress; organizational change and development; and career management. Analysis of organizational behavior problems by self assessments, case studies and†¦show more content†¦Read Chapter 2. Feb. 11 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction: the relationship between attitudes and behavior; job satisfaction and how we can measure it; the main causes of job satisfaction; employee responses to dissatisfaction. Read Chapter 3. Feb. 18 Emotions and Moods: differentiating emotions from moods; the sources of emotions and moods; the evidence for and against emotional intelligence; exploring the experience, interpretation and expression of emotions across cultures. Read Chapter 4. Read â€Å"Case Incident 1† on page 124 and answer questions 1- 4. Be prepared to discuss this case and submit your answers in class. Feb. 25 Unit test on Chapters 1 through 4 Personality and Values: defining and measuring personality; the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality framework and its strengths and weaknesses; the Big Five personality model; comparing generational differences in values and their roles in today’s workforce; Hofstede’s five value dimensions of national culture. Read Chapter 5 March 4 Perception and Individual Decision Making: defining perception; the shortcutsShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior And Organizational Behaviour1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe above drawn figure shows about organisational behaviour. It highlights the bonding among human behaviour in organizational settings, the individual - organization interface, the organization, the environment surrounding the organization. In an organization each and every individual brings its own experience, managerial and effective skills. Classical Organizational theory:- Popovich (2010) said that in this theory, the concentration mainly goes in how an organization can be structured inRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour1455 Words   |  6 PagesIf you were CEO what would you change and why - provide your recommendation with a Before and After Organizational chart. - If you are not working at this time - use a past employer. Ans 1. Table of Content * Introduction * Discussion * Complete assessment of the company I work for – M. Muhammad Shafi amp; Co. * What would I change as the CEO and why * Organizational Charts, Before and After. * Bibliography Introduction Change is very important for any organizationRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 Pagesconfusion, also goes under several different names, some of which you will encounter when reading texts on the subject. The two main areas are generally called Human Resource Management (HRM) and Organisational Behaviour (OB), but the field is also sometimes called Organisational Analysis (OA), Behaviour in Organisations (BinO), Organisation Studies (OS), and a host of other names, including the practitioner area called Organisational Development (OD). There are, in fact, subtle nuances and variations inRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Issues1427 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Report- Organizational Behavior â€Å"Issues in Organizational Behaviour based on own experiences† Student No. Structure: 1. Introduction 2. Main Body and Recommendations 3. Conclusion 4. References What is Organizational Behaviour? Organizational Behaviour is nothing else than developing our understanding and development of people skills. A multidisciplinary field devoted to understanding individual and group behaviour, interpersonal process and organizational dynamics. DifferentRead MoreEssay about Organizational Behaviour1051 Words   |  5 Pagescom My essay will introduce the culture and organizational strategies of Amazon.com. I focus on the evolution of Amazon.com, the organization culture with the Scheins three levels of culture, the truth of working on Amazon, why is amazon so successful on the basis of organizational strategies and how to improve in the original basis. Organizational culture could be the core of the company and exists from the start of Amazon.com. Organizational culture is the shared values, beliefs, and normsRead MoreThe Development Of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour3154 Words   |  13 Pages2001). Out of this comes the development of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB). OCB represents â€Å"individual behaviour that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognised by the formal reward system, and in the aggregate promotes the efficient and effective functioning of the organization† (Organ 1988, p. 4). The study of OCB has become increasingly important as the prevalence, importance, and costs of counterproductive, or deviant, behaviour in the workplace have been increasingly recognisedRead MoreRoot Metaphors as an Aid to Understanding Organizational Behaviour3097 Words   |  13 PagesRobert Allen 11500024 Root metaphors as an aid to understanding organizational behaviour and their relevance to organizations in a knowledge based economy. Introduction The use of root metaphors to provide insight into organizations seems to be seen as a useful if limited way of understanding their complex natures (Morgan, 1997) (Andriesson, 2008), which may have been more suited to the industrial age. The rise of the Knowledge Based Economy (KBE) and post-industrial organizations pose furtherRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour And Communication Issues Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION In this case-study for Electra Products’, I will be addressing relevant, organisational behaviour and communication issues that must be addressed in order to â€Å"revive the failing company† (Samson, 2012). Specific recommendations will be offered to further assist in focusing on the key outlined issues and what actions would be most appropriate to take from this point. Throughout the report, it is clear the attitudes of staff are becoming unfavourable and has resulted in a lack ofRead MoreOrganizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) Essay1796 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿What is organizational citizenship? Explain the links between the various types of organizational citizenship behaviors and job-related outcomes. In what ways does organizational citizenship affect organizational performance? Illustrate with examples where appropriate. Organizational Citizenship Organizational citizenship is an organizational success that consists of supports from the volunteers of individuals and behavior (Business Dictionary 2013). Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB)Read MoreIndividual Analysis Paper on Organizational Behaviour2511 Words   |  11 Pagesto creating and expanding opportunities for children and adults with disabilities. This is demonstrated by their agencies contribution to the realization of an individual’s choice of caregivers, support, housing, and employment opportunities. Organizational Design/Culture: 1. How is it structured as regard to organization? 2. What is the culture of the organization? The very nature of the field of industry requires one to be very flexible and be willing to quickly adapt to the non-ending

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 10 Free Essays

string(47) " a little north of it, the traffic cleared up\." Dante promptly passed out after sex later that night, but I stayed awake for a while. Rolling over at last, I turned my back to him and stared at my bedside table. I’d set Seth’s book there, and now its spine stared out at me, like we were having a showdown to see who would look away first. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Heat CHAPTER 10 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Seth had given it to me as a gift, possibly a peace offering, yet I was afraid of it, afraid of how I might feel if I opened it. After ten minutes of staring, I finally reached for the book and scooted closer to the bed’s edge so that I could get more light from my tiny reading lamp. Curling onto my side, I took a deep breath and opened up All Fools Night . First came the title page, then the dedication: For my niece Brandy, who dreams of great things and will achieve greater ones still . It was embarrassing, but I had almost for a moment speculated whether he might have dedicated the book to me. He’d finished it right around the time we first started dating, but he’d been editing and making small changes right up until the time we broke up. It was vanity, I supposed, to think there might be some sign of my time with Seth in the book. Yet, when I turned the page, I wondered. Before the first chapter, Seth always had a quote, something from a speech or possibly a verse from a poem that was relevant to the book. This was from a song: And if I only could I’d make a deal with God And I’d get Him to swap our places – â€Å"Running Up That Hill,† by Kate Bush I read the lyrics a couple of times, wondering if there was more to them or if I just wanted there to be more to them. I’d heard the song a long time ago, and it had had that poppy synth feel so common to music in the 1980s. I didn’t recall this particular part. Finally, dragging my eyes away, I moved onto the heart of the book. Before meeting Seth, I’d rationed myself while reading his novels. I would only read five pages a day because I’d wanted to prolong the sweetness of that first reading. When something was really good, it was easy to dive into it, and before you knew it, the moment was gone. You’d burned through it. I experienced that too frequently in my long existence, and a strict reading schedule was a weak attempt to slow things down. When I settled into this book, though, I didn’t really have a plan, and before long, I knew stopping at five pages was impossible. It was exquisite. While he had a few self-standing novels, this series-Cady and O’Neill-was his flagship one. At its basic level, this was just a mystery book, yet there was a wonderful, lyrical quality to Seth’s writing that elevated him above the genre ghetto. Sure, there was action and a trail of clues, but his characters were also evolving, always growing in ways both wonderful and heartbreaking. Seth had a way of describing their feelings and their reactions in a style that was so real, it resonated with my own life and left an ache in my chest. Whether that was for his art or for the man himself, I couldn’t say. It was only when Dante rolled over that I’d realized I’d been sniffling. â€Å"Are you crying, succubus?† â€Å"It’s this book,† I said. I had just read a section where Cady and O’Neill were having a profound talk about life, and O’Neill had commented that all people were seeking both damnation and forgiveness, needing each to make sense of their existence. I was crying because it was true and because Seth had known it was true. â€Å"There are a lot of things to cry about in this world,† Dante said through a yawn. â€Å"Not sure a book should be one of them.† The clock read 4 a.m. by that point, and my eyes were bleary from tears and a need to sleep. I put down Seth’s book-which I was now more than half-way through-and turned off the light. Dante shifted and threw an arm around me, resting his chin on my shoulder. His breathing grew heavy and regular, and before long, I joined him in sleep. The phone woke me up at an ungodly hour later in the morning. Dante was gone already. I found that surprising, but seeing as he hadn’t gotten three hours of sleep, it might not have been that much of a leap. â€Å"Hello?† Finding the phone had been feat enough, let alone checking the caller ID. A frantic voice answered me. â€Å"Georgina? This is Blake.† â€Å"Blake?† I didn’t think I knew any Blake. â€Å"Don’t tell me you forgot about us?† He pronounced â€Å"about† as â€Å"aboot,† and it came back to me through my sleep-addled brain. â€Å"Oh, God. I’m sorry. Blake. From the Army.† Him calling me couldn’t be a good sign. I sat up straighter in bed. â€Å"What’s going on?† â€Å"They’re doing something today†¦I’m not supposed to tell anyone, but I’m worried. I don’t know much, except that it’s big.† I was up and moving now, clothes and hair shape-shifting as I walked. â€Å"Do you have anything else? A time or place?† â€Å"Not yet. Evan’s being really secretive about what he’s telling us. He says the Angel wants it to be a need-to-know-thing and that we won’t find out the details until the absolute last minute.† â€Å"Fuck.† I suspected the Angel was also trying to limit my knowledge as well. Flattering, but frustrating. â€Å"Okay, well, listen, I’m in Seattle, but I’m getting on the road right now. I should be there in two hours.† â€Å"You can’t get up here in two hours,† he said incredulously. â€Å"I can if I don’t drive the speed limit.† There was a bit of congestion within the city itself, but once I got a little north of it, the traffic cleared up. You read "Succubus Heat CHAPTER 10" in category "Essay examples" It was the morning commute; everyone wanted to get into Seattle. Once I had clear highway ahead of me, I dialed Cedric. I knew he wasn’t going to like my lack of information, but considering how angry he’d been after last time, I had to at least make the attempt here to keep myself out of trouble. It was Kristin who answered. â€Å"He’s having breakfast right now,† she told me. â€Å"It’s kind of a special time for him. He doesn’t like to be disturbed.† There was an anxious tone to her voice, and I could almost picture her arranging a breakfast tray just-so for him. â€Å"Yeah, well, he might be disturbed whether he likes it or not.† I told her what Blake had said, and her response was similar to mine. â€Å"That’s all you’ve got?† â€Å"Their Angel’s working on a need-to-know basis now,† I said bitterly. â€Å"I’ll let you know more when I learn more. I just figured Cedric should know.† She sighed. â€Å"You’re right. Thanks. Man, this is going to piss him off. He’ll have no appetite at all.† I made the drive in the two hours I’d quoted Blake and miraculously didn’t get pulled over. I hadn’t heard from him the entire time, so I dialed him once I was over the border and buying coffee. I’d found a Starbucks and took a secret thrill in defying the Tim Hortons domination. Except†¦once I had the coffee in hand, I decided a donut would be really good with it, so I walked over and got one from the Tim’s across the street. Blake didn’t answer, so I tried Evan next and also got no answer. Frustrated, I drove over to Evan’s house and knocked on the door for a while. I was nearly on the verge of climbing in through a back window when my phone rang again-and ironically, it was Evan himself. â€Å"Georgina!† he exclaimed, sounding ecstatic. â€Å"Where are you? We need you here.† â€Å"Where are you ?† I demanded. â€Å"On the observation deck,† he said. â€Å"Observation deck of what?† â€Å"The Space Needle. You live close by, don’t you?† I nearly dropped the phone. â€Å"You’re in Seattle ?† â€Å"Yeah!† I could perfectly picture that eager, zealous look of his. â€Å"Cool, huh? The Angel wanted us to expand our message. So, we’re all up here with these banners that we’re going to unfurl at the same time, and then we’ve got a few more surprises to-â€Å" â€Å"Evan,† I begged, sprinting toward my car. â€Å"Don’t do it. You’re stirring up more trouble than you realize.† â€Å"That’s the point!† he chuckled. â€Å"How long until you can be here?† Once I told him I wasn’t in the city, he lost interest, and my pleas became meaningless. As soon as we disconnected, I dialed Cedric, expecting to get Kristin. Instead, I got his voice mail. Somehow, that made me angry. â€Å"Cedric, this is Georgina. The Army isn’t doing their thing here-they’re down in Seattle right now. I hope you finally believe I didn’t have anything to do with their stupid plans now! When Jerome finds out, it’s going to be my ass on the line, and knowing my luck, he’ll think you and I are working together.† Yes, this was one of those situations in which there was no way I could win. I was going to get in trouble no matter what I did, but again, I had to attempt damage control. Jerome had a cell phone that he never answered and didn’t even have voice mail for. Hugh was the best way to get a hold of him-but he didn’t pick up either. â€Å"Damn it!† I cried into his phone. â€Å"Doesn’t anyone answer their fucking phones anymore?† I gave him a hasty recap of what was happening and told him to let Jerome or one of the demonesses know about the cult’s plans, or else Jerome was going to get the same scrutiny from the higher-ups that Cedric had been getting. After that, there was nothing left for me to do except hit the road to Seattle again-something I was not happy about. Fortunately, I was fully outside the commuting times now and again could enjoy easy driving as I zipped down I-5 at 75. Pretty Hate Machine blared on my speakers and was oddly soothing to my agitated mood. I eventually fell into that trance-like state drivers often get, with one part of my brain watching the road and the other frantically wondering if my warning had reached any of the Seattle demons in time to intercept the Army. I had just cleared Everett, about a half-hour outside of Seattle, when it hit me. A jolt of electricity shot through my body, making the world spin and my vision blur. I felt hot all over. My hands slipped on the wheel, nearly causing me to swerve into the neighboring lane. I had just enough bearings to slam on my hazard lights and pull off on the shoulder before I hit someone. A wave of nausea rolled through my stomach, then settled down, then swept through me again. Shifting the car into park, I put my head down on the steering wheel, hoping for some clarity. There was a buzzing in my ears, and my whole body shook. What the hell? I didn’t get sick. Ever. The only thing that could really affect me like this was drinking too much or indulging in other substances. I’d had food poisoning a couple of times, but it had been short-lived, and somehow I doubted that donut I’d had was doing this to me. I lifted my head up a little, but the world kept rocking. Closing my eyes, I rested my cheek against the steering wheel and took a few deep breaths, hoping I wouldn’t throw up. I had no idea what was going on here, but it would pass. It had to pass. And it did-a little. I don’t know how long I sat like that, maybe about fifteen minutes, but the next time I dared a peek up, the dizziness had lessened. The nausea was still there, but it too had dropped to a lower level. Deciding to risk it, I turned back onto I-5, anxious to finish my drive to the city and figure out what was wrong with me. I made it back to town without causing an accident and nearly fell over trying to make it up my building’s stairs. I didn’t even bother with my suitcase and simply left it in the car. Once in my apartment, I headed straight for my room and crashed on the bed. Aubrey joined me and peered curiously at my face. I gave her a few pets, then let my hand slip down as I fell asleep, too weak to hold it up any longer. I woke up almost two hours later, shaken out of sleep by knocking at my door. I sat up, relieved to find my stomach had settled. The light-headedness had also gone away. Maybe the donut had been defective after all†¦and yet, I had this weird feeling-this tiny, nagging suspicion-that something wasn’t right. Only, I had no clue or evidence as to what it was. Ignoring it for now, I stumbled out to the living room and opened my door, not even bothering to look out the peephole. Cody and Peter stood there, both of them grinning from ear to ear. â€Å"What do you want?† I asked, stepping aside for them when the door opened. â€Å"I was sleeping.† â€Å"I can tell by your hair,† said Peter, flouncing on my couch. â€Å"And what are you doing asleep? It’s the middle of the day.† Still groggy, I squinted at my clock. It was a little after three. â€Å"Yeah, I know. I didn’t feel good. It’s weird. I just suddenly felt wiped out and dizzy.† That smile had never left Cody’s face. He sat beside Peter. â€Å"How do you feel now?† I shrugged and settled onto my loveseat. â€Å"Fine, I guess. A little tired, but the worst is over.† That nondescript something isn’t right here feeling was still with me, though. â€Å"You shouldn’t be cooped up inside,† said Peter. â€Å"It’s a great day.† â€Å"Look at all the sun,† agreed Cody. â€Å"It’s like summer came early.† I followed his gaze to the window. Warm golden light spilled in onto my floor, much to Aubrey’s delight, and beyond the neighboring building, I could see blue sky. Still, I wasn’t impressed. â€Å"We’re barely into spring. This is a fluke. It’ll probably be cold tomorrow.† Peter shook his head. â€Å"You sure are grumpy when you wake up.† They both seemed so absurdly pleased with themselves, and I couldn’t figure out why. â€Å"Maybe you should get outside,† said Cody, exchanging smirks with Peter. â€Å"We were going to go for a walk after this. It might cheer you up.† â€Å"Yup. Nothing like a bright, sunny afternoon to perk up the old spirits.† Peter’s grin grew even bigger. I leaned my head back against the loveseat. â€Å"Okay, okay. What’s the joke I’m missing here?† â€Å"No joke,† said Peter. â€Å"We just think it’s a great day.† â€Å"A beautiful, sunny day,† Cody concurred. â€Å"Will you two stop already? I get it. It’s a nice day. The sun is out the, the birds are singing-â€Å" I stopped. I felt my eyes go wide. I looked at the smirking vampires, then looked at the sun-filled world outside, and then looked back at them. I swallowed. â€Å"How,† I asked quietly, â€Å"are you guys out in the middle of the day?† Their pent-up mirth exploded, and they both dissolved into laughter. I felt wide awake now. â€Å"I’m serious! What’s going on? You can’t be out in daylight, and how-wait. I didn’t sense you guys at the door. I still can’t sense you.† â€Å"I know,† said Cody. â€Å"Isn’t it crazy?† â€Å"No! Well, I mean, yes. But it’s not†¦it’s not supposed to happen,† I argued. I didn’t understand how they could find this so entertaining. Something was wrong. Very wrong. All the drama with the Army was gone from my mind. That niggling worry that I’d woken up with turned into a hard knot of fear. My heart was pounding in my chest, and I’d gone cold all over. â€Å"How is this possible? The sun should fry you.† â€Å"Hell if we know,† said Peter. â€Å"We were in our coffins and then just suddenly†¦woke up. We got out, and there we were. Out and about in the middle of the day. You know what else? I don’t want blood. No desire whatsoever. Not even a drop.† â€Å"And so what, you guys just decide to go stroll around and enjoy the day? You didn’t contact Jerome? You didn’t question the fact that something has seriously altered your immortal existence?† A mischievous look crossed Peter’s face. â€Å"Not just us, Georgina.† They both watched me expectantly. â€Å"Don’t look at me like that,† I told them. â€Å"I’ve always been able to go out in the sun.† â€Å"You don’t have a signature either. We can’t sense you,† said Cody. I stared at them for several heavy seconds, trying to parse the meaning here. An uneasy feeling began building in my stomach as I recognized their implication-except what they were implying was impossible. Unthinkable. â€Å"You’re wrong,† I said. Slowly, carefully, I touched my face. It was exactly the same as it had been this morning. My build was the same. My height was the same. I was still me. I exhaled with relief. â€Å"I’m the same.† Peter’s eyes danced. â€Å"Fix your hair. It’s a mess.† Shape-shifting is an instinct for a succubus or incubus, practically subconscious. It’s like tightening a muscle or taking a deep breath. You barely think about it, send the message from your brain, and it happens. So, I thought about my hair, willing it to smooth out and tidy itself into a ponytail. There was usually a slight tingle when that happened, resulting from the burn of using up a piece of my stored energy. And of course, there was always the tangible evidence-the actual change of my appearance. This time, there was nothing. No tingle. No hair movement. Peter leaned forward. â€Å"Ooh, it did happen to you! You’re the same. None of us are working.† â€Å"No,† I said frantically. â€Å"That’s not possible.† I tried again, willing my hair to change-to turn a different color, grow short, restyle itself†¦but there was nothing. I tried to shift my clothes, urging my jeans and Henley to become a slip dress. Or maybe a track suit. I even attempted to make my clothes disappear altogether. Nothing happened. Nothing . In pure desperation, I did the unthinkable: I tried to give up the unconscious hold I always maintained in order to keep a form that wasn’t my natural one. I let go of all control, allowing my body to shift back to the one I was born with, the one my essence always wanted to return to-the one I fought very, very hard to hide from the world. Nothing happened. I stayed the same. I couldn’t shape-shift. It was like having my arm cut off. Until that moment, I didn’t realize how much of my self was tied into shape-shifting. As a mortal, the power had been unimaginable. After having it for a millennium and a half, it had become part of me, and its absence was now unbearable. I didn’t have to see my face to know I wore pure panic. Peter and Cody were still laughing. I shot up, incredulous. â€Å"This isn’t funny,† I cried. â€Å"We have to talk to Jerome. Now. There’s something seriously wrong with us!† â€Å"Or right,† suggested Cody. â€Å"Why do you think this is a joke?† â€Å"We don’t,† said Peter calmly. Underneath his mirth, I saw the tiniest bit of concern in his eyes, concern he was clearly trying to ignore for now. â€Å"We just think it’s cool. You don’t think Jerome already knows about this? Whatever it is, they’ll fix it soon enough. Nothing we can change.† The tirade I was about to unleash on them was interrupted by more knocking. Just like with the vampires, I sensed no immortal signature. Anyone could have been at my door. Yet, peering out the peephole, I saw Hugh. I let him in, feeling relieved. Hugh would sort this out. He always knew what was going on since he and Jerome maintained such constant communication. Hugh’s confidence and typical know-it-all air would fix everything. Instead, he looked miserable. Dejected. He trudged in and dropped onto where I’d just been sitting. He put his elbows on his knees and rested his chin in his hands. â€Å"Hey, Hugh,† said Cody. â€Å"Isn’t it a great day?† I knelt down on the floor in front of Hugh, so I could look straight into his eyes. â€Å"Hugh, what’s going on?† He simply stared at me, dark eyes mournful and bleak. I’d seen Hugh angry, elated, and exasperated over the years, but I’d never seen him depressed. It would have bothered me, if not for the fact we had a few other things to worry about than his hurt feelings just now. â€Å"Hugh! We’ve all lost our†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I frowned, not sure what to call it. Powers? That sounded too Justice League. â€Å"†¦abilities.† â€Å"I know,† he said at last. â€Å"So have I.† â€Å"What powers did you even have?† asked Cody, apparently not minding the superhero comparison. â€Å"Multitasking?† teased Peter. â€Å"The ability to balance books and collate?† I shot him a quick glare over my shoulder and then glanced at Cody to explain. â€Å"Imps see souls-everyone’s life energy. They can tell whose soul is good and whose is bad.† â€Å"I know that,† said Cody. â€Å"I just thought there was†¦more.† Hugh sighed. â€Å"You can’t imagine it, Georgina. Not having that ability now. It’s like losing one of my senses. Or going colorblind.† â€Å"I know exactly what you mean,† I told him. â€Å"Not likely. When you can’t see energy and souls around living beings, the world is so†¦empty. It’s dull.† â€Å"Why did it happen?† I asked gently, trying my best to squelch my own escalating fear. Internally, I was still reeling. My shape-shifting was gone. My immortal signature was gone. The marks that defined me as Georgina Kincaid, succubus, were gone. â€Å"What’s going on?† Hugh’s eyes were still sad and unfocused, but finally, he looked at me and studied my face, like he’d just noticed me in front of him. â€Å"We get our various gifts and immortality for selling our souls,† he began slowly. â€Å"Those unique abilities-and their side effects-come from our contract with Hell and are filtered through our archdemons. It’s what lets them keep track of us. We’re†¦connected†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He frowned, grasping at how to best explain the system through which Hell managed its employees. â€Å"I know what you’re talking about,† I said. Cedric would know if I crossed into his territory simply because he could sense me when I was close enough. Jerome, so long as he was my supervisor, knew where I was at all times and if I was hurt. He was always aware of me, always tied to me. â€Å"Our†¦powers†¦are transmitted from Hell, through Jerome, to us.† â€Å"Right,† Hugh said. I waited for more, but that seemed to be all he had to say. â€Å"Right what? Why are our abilities gone?† A bit of the normal Hugh exasperation glinted in his eyes. â€Å"Because Jerome is gone.† â€Å"Jerome’s gone all the time,† Peter said. â€Å"We can never get a hold of him. We can’t get a hold of him now.† Hugh shook his head. â€Å"You aren’t getting it. When I say gone, I don’t mean hiding from us at a bar. I mean gone . Vanished. Disappeared. Might as well not exist for all intents and purposes. No one knows where he is. Not our side, not the other side. He. Is. Gone.† Dead silence hung around us for what felt like an eternity. And that was saying something. Peter’s voice was hard to hear when he finally spoke. â€Å"And as long as he’s gone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦then so are our abilities,† I finished. How to cite Succubus Heat CHAPTER 10, Essay examples

Monday, April 27, 2020

Symbolism in Compass and Torch free essay sample

This story uses powerful symbols to reveal deep meanings within the relationship between the father and son, such as the title, ‘Compass and Torch’. The compasses in this story represent guidance in their relationship. By forgetting them, this shows that they both have no sense of direction, therefore are lost. The torch (which they both remember) uses the symbolism of light to show that they both hope to find their relationship, shown in the line, ‘two torches are for lighting a bigger space in the wilderness, for lighting it together. Two torches are for father and son to back each other up. ’ Yet later on in the story, the man’s actions show that he gives up this hope. The symbolism of the opening line is clear as we realise what this trip is revealing about their relationship. ‘The road ends with a gate,’ You see here that the writer is suggesting this trip will lead to an epiphany for the father, in particular as he realises that opening this ‘gate’ is simply too much for him. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Compass and Torch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The gate represents the much needed turning point in their relationship that he will not cross- he cannot bear the pain of his son. This is seen at the end, in Line 171, ‘the man gently takes away the torch’, suggesting that he has given up, taking away the only hope the child had left. The setting beyond the gate continues the suggestion of pain and old wounds, ‘bleached bruised age-old spills of purple It implies that moving forward with their fragile relationship will be painful, and we are introduced to an omniscient narrator that reveals their feelings. ‘Watching Dad. Watching what Dad is. Drinking it in: the essence of Dadness. ’ The writer makes us focus on this moment of the boy watching his father, which leads us to question why he is so desperate to take in ‘the essence’ – can it be because his dad seems almost like a stranger, because of his prolonged absences, and the boy feels the need to remind himself of his father? The omniscient narrator shows the son more pained than we would ever expect a child to be, which affects the reader deeply as you consider the amount of damage that can be done to a child through mere gestures. The reader feels empathy toward the desperate child and despairing father, as we read on and watch their relationship fall into disrepair.

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Short Grammar Activities for ESL Classes

Short Grammar Activities for ESL Classes These easy to implement and quick to execute grammar exercises are perfect to use in the ESL classroom when youre short on time but need to get your lesson across.   Jumbled Sentences Purpose: Word Order / Review Choose a number of sentences from the last few chapters (pages) that you have been working on in class. Make sure to choose a nice mixture including adverbs of frequency, time signifiers, adjectives, and adverbs, as well as multiple clauses for more advanced classes. Type (or write on the board) jumbled versions of the sentences and ask the students to reassemble them. Variation:  If you are focusing on specific grammar points, have the students explain why certain words are placed in certain places in a sentence. Example: If you are working on adverbs of frequency, ask students why often is placed as it is in the following negative sentence: He doesnt often go to the cinema. Finishing the Sentence Purpose: Tense Review Ask students to take a piece of paper out for a dictation. Ask students to finish the sentences that you begin. Students should complete the sentence you begin in a logical manner. Its best if you use connecting words to show cause and effect, conditional sentences are also a good idea. Examples: I like watching television because...Despite the cold weather,...If I were you,...I wish he... Listening for Mistakes Purpose: Improving Students Listening Abilities/Review Make up a story on the spot (or read something you have at hand). Tell students that they will hear a few grammatical errors during the story. Ask them to raise their hand when they hear an error made and correct the errors. Intentionally introduce errors into the story, but read the story as if the errors were perfectly correct. Variation:  Have students write down the mistakes you make and check the mistakes as a class when finished. Question Tag Interviews Purpose: Focus on Auxiliary Verbs Ask students to pair up with another student they feel they know reasonably well. Ask each student to prepare a set of ten different questions using question tags about that person based on what they know about him/her. Make the exercise more challenging by asking that each question is in a different tense (or that five tenses are used, etc.). Ask students to respond with short answers only. Examples: Youre married, arent you? - Yes, I am.You came to school yesterday, didnt you? - Yes, I did.You havent been to Paris, have you? - No, I havent.

Monday, March 2, 2020

Lawrence Textile Strike of 1912

Lawrence Textile Strike of 1912 In Lawrence, Massachusetts, the textile industry had become the center of the towns economy. By the early 20th century, most of those employed were recent immigrants. They often had few skills other than those used at the mill; about half the workforce were women or were children younger than 18. The death rate for workers was high; one study by Dr. Elizabeth Shapleigh showed that 36 out of 100 died by the time they were 25 years old. Until the events of 1912, few were members of unions, other than a few of the skilled workers, usually native-born, who belonged to a union affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Some lived in housing provided by the companies - housing provided at rental costs that did not go down when companies reduced wages. Others lived in cramped quarters in tenement houses in the town; housing in general was priced higher than elsewhere in New England. The average worker at Lawrence earned less than $9 per week; housing costs were $1 to $6 per week. Introduction of new machinery had sped up the pace of work in the mills, and workers resented that the increased productivity usually meant pay cuts and layoffs for the workers as well as making the work more difficult. Beginning the Strike Early in 1912, mill owners at the American Wool Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts, reacted to a new state law reducing the number of hours that women could work to 54 hours per week by cutting the pay of their women mill workers. On January 11, a few Polish women at the mills went on strike when they saw that their pay envelopes had been shorted; a few other women at other mills in Lawrence also walked off the job in protest. The next day, on January 12, ten thousand textile workers walked off the job, most of them women. The city of Lawrence even rang its riot bells as an alarm. Eventually, the numbers striking rose to 25,000. Many of the strikers met the afternoon of January 12, with the result of an invitation to an organizer with the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) to come to Lawrence and help with the strike. Strikers demands include: 15% pay increase.54 hour work week.Overtime pay at double the normal rate of pay.Elimination of bonus pay, which rewarded only a few and encouraged all to work longer hours. Joseph Ettor, with experience organizing in the west and Pennsylvania for the IWW, and who was fluent in several of the languages of the strikers, helped organize the workers, including representation from all the different nationalities of the mill workers, which included Italian, Hungarian, Portuguese, French-Canadian, Slavic, and Syrian. The city reacted with nighttime militia patrols, turning fire hoses on strikers, and sending some of the strikers to jail. Groups elsewhere, often Socialists, organized strike relief, including soup kitchens, medical care, and funds paid to the striking families. Leading to Violence On January 29, a woman striker, Anna LoPizzo, was killed as police broke up a picket line. Strikers accused the police of the shooting. Police arrested IWW organizer Joseph Ettor and Italian socialist, newspaper editor, and poet Arturo Giovannitti who were at a meeting three miles away at the time and charged them as accessories to murder in her death. After this arrest, martial law was enforced and all public meetings were declared illegal. The IWW sent some of its more well-known organizers to help out the strikers, including Bill Haywood, William Trautmann, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, and Carlo Tresca, and these organizers urged the use of nonviolent resistance tactics. Newspapers announced that some dynamite had been found around town; one reporter revealed that some of these newspaper reports were printed before the time of the supposed finds. The companies and local authorities accused the union of planting the dynamite and used this accusation to try to stir up public sentiment against the union and strikers. (Later, in August, a contractor confessed that the textile companies had been behind the dynamite plantings, but he committed suicide before he could testify to a grand jury.) About 200 children of strikers were sent to New York, where supporters, mostly women, found foster homes for them. The local Socialists made their arrivals into demonstrations of solidarity, with about 5,000 turning out on February 10. Nurses - one of them Margaret Sanger - accompanied the children on the trains. The Strike in the Public's Eye The success of these measures in bringing public attention and sympathy resulted in the Lawrence authorities intervening with militia with the next attempt to send children to New York. Mothers and children were, according to temporary reports, clubbed and beaten as they were arrested. Children were taken from their parents. The brutality of this event led to an investigation by the U.S. Congress, with the House Committee on Rules hearing testimony from strikers. President Tafts wife, Helen Heron Taft, attended the hearings, giving them more visibility. The mill owners, seeing this national reaction and likely fearing further government restrictions, gave in on March 12 to the strikers original demands at the American Woolen Company. Other companies followed. Ettor and Giovannittis continued time in jail awaiting a trial led to further demonstrations in New York (led by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn) and Boston. Members of the defense committee were arrested and then released. On September 30, fifteen thousand Lawrence mill workers walked out in a one-day solidarity strike. The trial, finally begun in late September, took two months, with supporters outside cheering the two men. On November 26, the two were acquitted. The strike in 1912 at Lawrence is sometimes called the Bread and Roses strike because it was here that a picket sign carried by one of the striking women reportedly read We Want Bread, But Roses Too! It became a rallying cry of the strike, and then of other industrial organizing efforts, signifying that the largely unskilled immigrant population involved wanted not just economic benefits but recognition of their basic humanity, human rights, and dignity.

Saturday, February 15, 2020

International perspectives in organisation Literature review

International perspectives in organisation - Literature review Example According to Javidan et al. (2006), global leadership is one of the critical factors in the management of large multinational corporations. In their paper titled â€Å"In the eye of the beholder† the researchers particularly use the research findings from the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) program as a basis for conceptualizing the global leadership differences. Generally, Javidan et al. (2006) effectively presents the cultural profiles of four countries namely France, Egypt, Brazil and China as a case study to highlight the potential cultural implications of a hypothetical American executive working in the business environments in these countries. Javidan et al. (2006) particularly suggests that cross cultural leadership should represent an open mind and understand overly the cultures of different countries. Mangers should be critical and analyze empirically the cultures of their countries’ to the cultures of the people in the countries of their business operations. Managing and leading in different counties: The corporate management should be considerate on the types of marketing activities across the different countries of their operations. Both the dominant and metropolitan countries managerial schemes should be in an equilibrium and modal way of management. Regional clustering of globe nations: The business corporate world is prone to completion. Through these competitions, a global cultural clustering is therefore eminent with about 62-case studied culture clustering from America continent through to African continent to Asia and Europe (Jovidan et al, 2009 p.122). The study concludes by highlighting practices such as the ability of the individual global managers to share information about their culture alongside the culture of the host country, contemplate bridging the gap between two diversified cultures, to exhibit a high level of ambiguity tolerance and to remain

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Preliminary Organizational Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Preliminary Organizational Analysis - Assignment Example The reason for selecting TransAD’s case study is that I am working as a Communication Manager at TransAD since 2007, and I have a keen eye on the issues prevailing in the operational systems of the company. Introduction to the Organization TransAD came into existence in 2006 with the vision of setting benchmarks in taxi regulatory industry of Abu Dhabi according to global standards. TansAD was inaugurated by His Highness Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan. TransAD believes on establishing corporate loyalty amongst its customers by providing them comfortable taxi services at their door step. At the same time, the objective of the company is to regulate the taxi traffic in Emriates of Abu Dhabi. Previously, the taxi services provided in Abu Dhabi were owned by private owners as well as taxi service providers. Now, these companies have merged into one and named as TransAD (The Center of Regulations by Hire Cars). The primary aim of establishing TransAD was to bring uniformity in the taxi operations, policies and regulations (TransAD, 2013). At the moment, the company is facing many issues from strategic and operational point of view. Majority of these problems are caused due to improper planning and execution of the essential projects or processes of organizational development. The senior management of the company thinks that these problems are there because the team co-ordinators are not effectively leading and managing their team. The reduced performance of TransAD’s leaders is also reflected in other aspects of the organization such as hiring of the work force, financial controlling, project management and handling etc. Then there are problems in performance evaluation, which is also the resultant of reduced reporting and monitoring by the TransAD’s team co-ordinators. Synopsis of the Problem Being in the travelling services business, TransAD faces a number of challenges such as recklessness of its taxi drivers or the high employee turnover . Especially challenges in hiring a loyal and consistent work force has remained a significant concern for TransAD. This is because the drivers handle the cash which they receive from the customers against the taxi fares. In this regard, there are a number of incidents reported. For example, a driver left the taxi at the stand and kept the cash for the whole day that he received as taxi fare. The high turnover or employees leaving without prior notice is the resultant of lower level of employee motivation due to organizational issues, boredom at the job and unattractive bonus/incentive packages offered to employees. But from the analysis of TransAD’s operations, it is revealed that the organization has undergone a number of significant strategic issues in its operating capacity. Such as, offering loyalty card benefits to customers or offering customers with inter-city travelling through its taxi services. This particular project has been delayed or not executed efficiently. I nadequate planning and execution of the projects is the biggest reason why organizations fail to achieve its desired aims and objectives. Other reasons being weak management of changed environment and policies, working in the absence of a work plan, poor use of mediums of communication and lack of management quality (Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin, 2010). At

Saturday, January 25, 2020

The Trail of Tears Essay -- Native Americans, Indians, Women

Throughout history the United States was involved in some form of racial dispute. During the Trail of Tears in particular, the Native Americans were the ones forced to live under White rule. Until the year 1828 the Cherokee rights belonged to the Federal Government. In the same year Andrew Jackson was elected the next President of the United States, and soon the Native Americans would be a part of the next generation racial targeting. On September 15, 1830, representatives of the United States and the Chiefs of the tribes met to discuss a bill just recently passed by Congress. In 1830 the Indian Removal Act was put into play. This Act stated "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in congress assembled to cause so much of any territory belonging to the United States, west of the river Mississippi, not included in any state or organized territory’s and to white the Indian title has been extinguished , as he may judgo necessary, to be divided into a suitable number of districts, for the reception of such tribes or nations of Indian...

Friday, January 17, 2020

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Chapter 14 – Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Pathology Infection and Disease 1. Pathology is the scientific study of disease – concerned with cause (etiology) and manner in which disease develops (pathogenesis) – Also concerned with structural and functional changes brought about by disease and final effects on the body 2. Infection – invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms 3. Disease – when infection results in change in state of health Normal Microbiota – 1. Free of microbes in utero, at birth gain lactobacilli in intestine from mothers vaginal canal, E. oli taken through food and inhabits intestine thru life 2. Ten times more bacterial cells than human cells in the body 3. Normal flora – normal microbiota 4. Transient microbiota – present for a while but disappear 5. Distribution of normal flora dependent on physical and chemical factors, defenses of the host and mechanical factors Relationshi p between Normal Flora and Host 1. Microbial antagonism – aka competitive exclusion – normal microbiota ability to protect the host from overgrowth of harmful microorganisms 2. Normal microbiota and host live in symbiosis – one is dependent on the other 3. The three types of symbiosis – commensalism (one organism benefits, other unaffected), mutualism (both benefit) and parasitism (one harmed and one benefits) 4. Probiotics – live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect Opportunistic Microorganisms 1. E. coli – normally harmless but in other parts of the body – cause UTI, pulmonary infections, meningitis or abscesses. 2. AIDS – compromises immune system – increases susceptibility to opportunistic infection e. g. Pneumocystis pneumonia The Etiology of Infectious Disease – Koch’s Postulates – 1. Koch established that microorganisms cause specific disease 2. Isolated microorganisms from diseased animal, grew in pure culture and identified, injected healthy animal, disease reproduced and identical 3. Experimental requirements – same pathogen must be present in every case of disease, pathogen must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture, pathogen must cause disease when inoculated into healthy animal, pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and shown to be original organism Exceptions to Koch’s postulates – 1. Unique culture environments – modified to establish etiologies of those that cannot be grown on artificial media e. g. viruses, syphilis, leprosy 2. Some disease such as tetanus have unequivocal signs and symptoms 3. Some disease may be caused by a number of microbes e. g. pneumonia and nephritis 4. Some pathogens cause several diseases e. g. S. pyogenes 5. Certain pathogens only cause disease in humans e. g. HIV Classifying Infectious diseases – 1. Every disease alters body structures and functions in particular ways ad are indicated by several kinds of evidences 2. Symptoms – changes in body functions 3. Signs – objective changes the physician can observe or measure e. g. lesions, swelling, fever and paralysis 4. Syndrome – a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompany a disease 5. Communicable disease – any disease that spreads from one host to another e. g. herpes, chickenpox, measles, typhoid fever and TB 6. Contagious diseases – Spread easily from host to host e. g. chickenpox 7. Noncommunicable Disease – caused by microorganisms that inhibit body and only occasionally produce disease or live outside the body and produce disease when introduced e. . tetanus Occurrence of Disease – 1. Incidence – the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular period of time 2. Prevalence – number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specific time, regardless of when it first appeared – old and new 3. Sporadic disease – occurs on ly occasionally e. g. typhoid fever 4. Endemic disease – constantly present in a population – e. g. common cold 5. Epidemic disease – Many people in a given area develop disease n short time e. g. AIDS, STD’s 6. Pandemic – Epidemic disease that occurs worldwide e. g. avian flu Severity or Duration of Disease – 1. Acute disease – develops rapidly but only lasts a short time e. g. influenza 2. Chronic Disease – develops more slowly and body’s reactions may be less severe but continues or recurs for long periods of time e. g. Mono, TB & HepB 3. Subacute – Intermediate between Acute and Chronic e. g. Sclerosing panencephalitis 4. Latent Disease – causative agent remains inactive for some time but than becomes active to produce symptoms e. . shingles 5. Herd Immunity – Immunity to disease in most of population Extent of Host Involvement – 1. Local infection – microorganisms limited to relatively small area e. g. boils 2. Systemic infection – Spread throughout the body by blood or lymph e. g. measles 3. Focal infection – local infection enters blood or lymph and spread to other specific body parts where they are co nfined – arise f/ teeth, tonsils, sinus 4. Sepsis – toxic inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes from a focus of infection 5. Septicemia – blood poisoning systemic infection arising from multiplication of pathogens in blood 6. Bacteremia – presence of bacteria in blood, Toxemia – presence of toxins in blood and viremia – presence of virus in blood 7. Primary infection – acute infection that causes initial illness 8. Secondary infection – caused by an opportunistic pathogen after primary weakens defenses 9. Subclinical (inapparent) infection is one that does not cause any noticeable illness e. g. Polio & HepA can be carried but never developed Patterns of Disease . Sequence – must be reservoir of infection as a source pathogen transmitted to susceptible host by contact or vectors transmission followed by invasion (enters host, multiplies) injures host through pathogenesis 2. Despite these effects, occurance of disease generally depends on resistance Predisposing factors – makes body more susceptible and may alter course of disease 1. Gender – Fem ales more UTI, Men more meningitis 2. Genetic background – sickle cell against malaria 3. Climate and weather – respiratory disease increase in winter 4. Others – nutrition, age environment, lifestyle, habitat, illness, chemo, emotions. Development of Disease – 1. Incubation Period – interval between initial infection and first mild signs and symptoms, time depends on virulence, number of microorganisms, and resistance 2. Prodromal period – characterized by appearance of the first mild signs and symptoms 3. Period of illness – disease at its height and all signs and symptoms apparent, PT dies during this period if not overcome 4. Period of Decline – signs and symptoms subside- vulnerable to secondary infection 5. Period of convalescence – body returns to its pre-diseased state and health is restored The Spread of Infection Reservoirs of Infection – 1. Reservoir of Infection – A continual source of infection- may be human animal or nonliving 2. Human reservoirs – Many people harbor pathogens and transmit them – Carriers are living reservoirs and harbor the disease with or without signs or symptoms – Can carry disease during latent phases such as incubation or convalescent – play important role in spread of AIDS, typhoid fever, diphtheria, hep, gonorrhea, and streptococcal infections 3. Animal Reservoirs – Wild or domestic – Zoonosis are diseases that occur in wild but can be transmitted to humans e. g. Rabies, Lyme disease – Can occur through contact of animal, its waste, consumption or contamination. 4. Nonliving Reservoirs – Soil and Water – Soil e. g. Ringworm, Botulism and Tetanus, Water e. g. – usually contamination related, cholera , typhoid fever Transmission of Disease 1. Contact – spread od an agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contact or droplet transmission a. Direct Contact – touching kissing, intercourse, – Any close physical contact e. . STDs, AIDS, cold, influenza, staph, Hep A, measles etc. b. Indirect Contact – occurs when agent of disease is transmitted from reservoir to host by means of nonliving object – Fomite is a object involved in spread of infection e. g. tissues, bedding, syringes etc. c. Droplet Transmission – microbes are spread in droplet nucle i that travel short distance – Sneezing, coughing, talking – not considered airborne e. g. flu, pneumonia and pertussis 2. Vehicle Transmission – transmission of disease by a medium, such as water food or air and drugs blood IV and body fluids d. Waterborne – contaminated water, cholera leptospirosis e. Foodborne – transported through undercooked, poorly kept or unsanitary food such as tapeworm f. Airborne – droplet nuclei in dust that travels more than 1 meter – measles virus and TB bacteria as well as some spores can be carried in dust and cause disease coccidiodomyosis 3. Vectors – animals that carry disease from one host to another – g. Mechanical Transmission – passive transport on insects feet or body part – houseflies transfer from feces to food h. Biological transmission – active process and more complex – arthropod bites infected person pathogens reproduce in vector increase causes more possibility of transmit. If arthropod vomits or defecates while biting host, can transfer from gut. Often parasites, also includes – Lyme disease, plague, Malaria etc. Nosocomial (Hospital Acquired) Infections 1. A nosocomial infection is any infection that is acquired during the course of stay in a hospital, nursing home or other healthcare facility 2. About 5 – 15% of all hospitalized patients will acquire this 3. Result from combination of weakened host, chain of transmission in hospital and availability of microorganisms in hospital. Microorganisms in the Hospital 1. Often normal flora are a problem when introduced to body in catheters and surgical procedures 2. Major problems include coagulase negative staph, S. aureus, E. coli, Enterococcus, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter, K. pnuemoniae, Candida albicans 3. Most frequent are opportunistic gram negative, drug resistant Compromised Host 1. Resistance impaired by disease, therapy and burns. 2. Two principals – Broken skin/Mucous membranes and suppressed immunity . Broken skin and mucous membranes – disable first line of defense 4. Invasive devices also cause problems 5. Adverse effects to B and T Cells compromise host Chain of Transmission – 1. Direct transmission from staff member to patient and among patients 2. Fomites such as catheters, syringes and respiratory devices Control of Nosocomial Infections – 1. Aseptic techniques can prevent – Hand washing most important 2. Hospital infection control staff members are responsible for overseeing proper cleaning, storage and handling of equipment and supplies Emerging Infectious Diseases . EID’s are new or changing, increasing recently and showing future increase. 2. Number of factors contribute to emergence including new strains which may result from genetic recombination (E. coli), a new serovar resulting from changes or evolution (Vibrio cholerea) , use of antibiotics and pesticide to cause resistance, changes in weather patterns (Hantavirus), modern transportation (West Nile), Ecological changes from natural disasters construction or wars, animal control measures (kill deer predators, more deer, more Lyme disease and failures in public health measures. . CDC priorities (1) Detect investigate and monitor pathogens and disease (2) Expand basic and applied research on ecological and environmental factors microbial changes and host in teraction (3) Enhance public information (4) Establish plans to monitor and control worldwide Epidemiology 1. The science of epidemiology is the study of transmission incidence and frequency of disease 2. Modern epidemiology began in mid-1800s with the works of Snow, Semmelweis and Nightingale 3. Descriptive Epidemiology – data about infected people is collected and analyzed – includes info about person place and period 4. Analytical epidemiology – analyzes disease to determine probable cause – (case control method) a group of infected people is compared with an uninfected group or (Cohort Method) people in contact with an agent vs. hose not in contact with the same agent 5. Experimental Epidemiology – controlled experiments designed to test hypothesis are performed e. g. placebo studying 6. Case reporting provides data on incidence and prevalence to local, state and national health officials 7. The CDC is the main source of epidemiologic information in the US 8. The CDC publishes the Morbidity and Mortality weekly report to provide info on incidence and deaths.

Wednesday, January 8, 2020

Find Out What It Means to Be on Academic Probation

Academic probation is the most common term colleges and universities use to indicate that a student is not making the academic progress the institution requires for graduation. Academic probation often means that a students grades and/or overall GPA are not high enough to continue in school if they do not improve. Someone can be placed on academic probation for a variety of reasons, although all will be academic in nature. Nonacademic offenses could lead to disciplinary probation. No form of probation is good, as it could result in a students suspension or expulsion. What Leads to Academic Probation? A school may put a student on academic probation because of her cumulative GPA or because of her GPA in the classes required for her major. A single semester of poor grades could also lead to academic probation. Perhaps even direr: A student may end up on academic probation if he fails to meet the standards of any financial aid he is receiving—it all depends on the schools rules and what is required to remain in good academic standing. Even if a student thinks she is doing well in school, she should familiarize herself with any GPA standards she must meet, whether for her major, scholarships, an honors program, or basic academic requirements. The best strategy, of course, is to avoid any issues in the first place rather than unexpectedly ending up on probation and having to work out of it. How to Respond If a student does end up on academic probation, dont panic. Being placed on academic probation is usually not the same as being asked to leave college. Students are given a probationary period—often a semester—to demonstrate that they can indeed make successful academic progress. To do so, students may need to increase their GPA by a certain amount, pass all of their classes, or meet other requirements, as determined by their school. While there will certainly be pressure to succeed—failing to boost grades or meet certain standards could result in suspension or expulsion—there are several things a student can do to make the most of this second chance. Clearing Academic Probation First, be clear about what is required to stay in school. The specific steps of a students academic probation, as well as how long the probationary period will last, should be outlined in the notification the student received from her school. If its unclear as to what steps to take to move out of academic probation, the student should ask as many people as possible until she finds out the information she needs. Once its clear what lies ahead, its important to ask a key question: Are there any changes the student needs to make in her day-to-day life to ensure she reaches her academic goals? For example, if the student can cut back on some extracurricular activities, social commitments, or work hours to increase study time, she may want to do so. She should ask an adviser or a trusted mentor for resource recommendations like a study group or individual tutor because extra support can go a long way in resolving academic probation.